Magnitude of Sudden Infants Deaths, maternal mortality and Still Births in Pakistan

Ayisha  Shabbir; Hina  Asif; Mahvish Kabir

doi:10.54393/mjz.v2i1.25

Authors

Ayisha Shabbir University College London, London, United Kingdom
Hina Asif Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Mahvish Kabir Department of Biotechnology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/mjz.v2i1.25

Keywords:

SIDS, maternal mortality, sudden intra uterine death, stillbirths, Pakistan

Abstract

SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality is an alarming condition in low income countries like Pakistan as Pakistan is a country with highest morbidity in such cases all over the world. Although research is ongoing across the globe to reduce the burden of such devastating situation but it continues to rise in Pakistan due to some known and unknown reasons. It is recommended that the pathophysiological basis of the SIDS should be investigated by continued research. To decrease the magnitude of SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality in Pakistan numerous precautionary measures are required to be taken by NGOs, Government and policy makers. Trained healthcare professionals, midwives, traditional birth attendants should be sent to rural areas to help and increase awareness. A national center should be made on urgent basis to monitor and register such cases, provide health care facilities and guidance, make laws of compulsory investigation and autopsy of sudden death of fetus or infants and implement and enforce these laws. A databank should be made with preserved tissues of such victims for further diagnosis and research. Preventable stillbirths must be avoided by taking necessary measures.

References

Aamir, A. H. (2016). "The obese pregnancy." J Pak Med Assoc 66(9 Suppl 1): S65-68.

Ali, N. S., I. S. Azam, et al. (2012). "Frequency and associated factors for anxiety and depression in pregnant women: a hospital-based cross-sectional study." ScientificWorldJournal 2012: 653098.

https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/653098

Alkema, L., D. Chou, et al. (2016). "Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group." The Lancet 387(10017): 462-474.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7

Altpeter, F., N. M. Springer, et al. (2016). "Advancing Crop Transformation in the Era of Genome Editing." Plant Cell.

https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.16.00196

Avachat, S., D. Phalke, et al. (2015). "Risk factors associated with stillbirths in the rural area of Western Maharashtra, India." Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences 3(1): 56.

https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-4848.154946

Balarajan, R., V. Soni Raleigh, et al. (1989). "Sudden infant death syndrome and postneonatal mortality in immigrants in England and Wales." BMJ 298(6675): 716-720.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6675.716

Begum, S. and B. I. Aziz-un-Nisa (2003). "Analysis of maternal mortality in a tertiary care hospital to determine causes and preventable factors." J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 15(2): 49-52.

Bhutta, Z. A., S. Soofi, et al. (2011). "Improvement of perinatal and newborn care in rural Pakistan through community-based strategies: a cluster-randomised effectiveness trial." Lancet 377(9763): 403-412.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62274-X

Budhwani, H., K. R. Hearld, et al. (2015). "Individual and Area Level Factors Associated with Prenatal, Delivery, and Postnatal Care in Pakistan." Matern Child Health J 19(10): 2138-2146.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1726-x

Cappiello, A., G. Famiglini, et al. (2014). "Determination of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in human fetal and newborn tissues by GC-MS." Anal Bioanal Chem 406(12): 2779-2788.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-7692-0

Casale, V., R. Oneda, et al. (2010). "Optimisation of postmortem tissue preservation and alternative protocol for serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms amplification in SIDS and SIUD cases." Exp Mol Pathol 88(1): 202-205.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.10.003

de Bernis, L., M. V. Kinney, et al. (2016). "Stillbirths: ending preventable deaths by 2030." Lancet 387(10019): 703-716.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00954-X

Gardosi, J., V. Madurasinghe, et al. (2013). "Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study." BMJ 346: f108.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f108

Goldenberg, R. L., S. Saleem, et al. (2016). "Reducing stillbirths in low-income countries." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 95(2): 135-143.

https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12817

Hamid, S., A. U. Malik, et al. (2014). "Stillbirth--a neglected priority: understanding its social meaning in Pakistan." J Pak Med Assoc 64(3): 331-333.

Heazell, A. E., D. Siassakos, et al. (2016). "Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences." Lancet 387(10018): 604-616.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00836-3

Jafarey, S. (1991). Maternal mortality in Pakistan: an overview in maternal and perinatal health in Pakistan. Proceedings of an Asia and Oceania Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (AOFOG) Workshop, Karachi.

Jafarey, S. (2002). "Maternal mortality in Pakistan--compilation of available data." J Pak Med Assoc 52(12): 539-544.

Jafarey, S. N. and A. Rabbani (2000). "Maternal mortality in Pakistan." National Committee on Maternal Health Newsletter.

Jehan, I., E. M. McClure, et al. (2007). "Stillbirths in an urban community in Pakistan." Am J Obstet Gynecol 197(3): 257 e251-258.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.012

Kassebaum, N. J., A. Bertozzi-Villa, et al. (2014). "Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013." The Lancet 384(9947): 980-1004.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60696-6

Lamont, K., N. W. Scott, et al. (2015). "Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ 350: h3080.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3080

Lavezzi, A. M., M. Corna, et al. (2010). "Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: normal development and morpho-functional alterations in sudden unexplained late fetal and infant death." Brain Dev 32(4): 275-284.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2009.05.006

Lavezzi, A. M., M. F. Corna, et al. (2010). "Neuropathology of the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord in sudden unexplained perinatal and infant death." Int J Dev Neurosci 28(2): 133-138.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.01.001

Lavezzi, A. M., R. Mehboob, et al. (2011). "Developmental alterations of the spinal trigeminal nucleus disclosed by substance P immunohistochemistry in fetal and infant sudden unexplained deaths." Neuropathology 31(4): 405-413.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01190.x

Marufu, T. C., A. Ahankari, et al. (2015). "Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis." BMC Public Health 15: 239.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5

McClure, E. M., S. Saleem, et al. (2015). "Stillbirth rates in low-middle income countries 2010 - 2013: a population-based, multi-country study from the Global Network." Reprod Health 12 Suppl 2: S7.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-12-S2-S7

Mustufa, M. A., S. Kulsoom, et al. (2016). "Frequency of Stillbirths in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi." Pak J Med Sci 32(1): 91-94.

Nguyen, R. H. and A. J. Wilcox (2005). "Terms in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology: 2. Perinatal terms." J Epidemiol Community Health 59(12): 1019-1021.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.023465

Organization, W. H. (2004). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, World Health Organization.

Organization, W. H. (2015). "Health in 2015: from MDGs, Millennium Development Goals to SDGs." Sustainable Development Goals. Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available: http://www. who. int/gho/publications/mdgs-sdgs/en/[Accessed January 10 2016].

Organization, W. H. (2015). "Strategies towards ending preventable maternal mortality (EPMM)."

Ottaviani, G. (2016). "Defining Sudden Infant Death and Sudden Intrauterine Unexpected Death Syndromes with Regard to Anatomo-Pathological Examination." Front Pediatr 4: 103.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2016.00103

Pasha, O., S. Saleem, et al. (2015). "Maternal and newborn outcomes in Pakistan compared to other low and middle income countries in the Global Network's Maternal Newborn Health Registry: an active, community-based, pregnancy surveillance mechanism." Reprod Health 12 Suppl 2: S15.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-12-S2-S15

Patel, A. B., S. Meleth, et al. (2015). "Impact of exposure to cooking fuels on stillbirths, perinatal, very early and late neonatal mortality - a multicenter prospective cohort study in rural communities in India, Pakistan, Kenya, Zambia and Guatemala." Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 1: 18.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40748-015-0019-0

Robinson, G. E. (2014). "Pregnancy loss." Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 28(1): 169-178.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012

Rozi, S., Z. A. Butt, et al. (2016). "Association of tobacco use and other determinants with pregnancy outcomes: a multicentre hospital-based case-control study in Karachi, Pakistan." BMJ Open 6(9): e012045.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012045

Shah, S., R. Van den Bergh, et al. (2016). "Unregulated usage of labour-inducing medication in a region of Pakistan with poor drug regulatory control: characteristics and risk patterns." Int Health 8(2): 89-95.

https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihv051

Shaikh, B. T., S. Khan, et al. (2014). "Emerging role of traditional birth attendants in mountainous terrain: a qualitative exploratory study from Chitral District, Pakistan." BMJ Open 4(11): e006238.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006238

Sorbye, I. K., C. Stoltenberg, et al. (2014). "Stillbirth and infant death among generations of Pakistani immigrant descent: a population-based study." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 93(2): 168-174.

https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12303

Utz, B., S. Zafar, et al. (2015). "Status of emergency obstetric care in four districts of Punjab, Pakistan - results of a baseline assessment." J Pak Med Assoc 65(5): 480-485.

WHO, U. (2007). UNFPA, World Bank. Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Wilmoth, J., N. Mizoguchi, et al. (2012). "A new method for deriving global estimates of maternal mortality: Supplemental report. Available online from Statistics." Politics and Policy, http://www. degruyter. com/view/j/spp.

https://doi.org/10.1515/2151-7509.1038

Yoshida, S., J. Martines, et al. (2016). "Setting research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025." J Glob Health 6(1): 010508.

Zakar, R., M. Nasrullah, et al. (2016). "The association of intimate partner violence with unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss in Pakistan." Int J Gynaecol Obstet 133(1): 26-31.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.09.009