Abortifacient Diseases in Bovine: A Comprehensive Review: Prevalence of Abortifacient Diseases in Bovine

Sajad Ali Laghari; Qudratullah Kalwar; Muhammad Mohsen Rahimoon; Muhammad Ramzan; Abdul Saboor; Fazul U Rahman Soomro; Fayaz Hussain; Taj Muhammad; Iqrar Uddin; Abdul Razzaque

doi:10.54393/mjz.v6i1.141

Authors

Sajad Ali Laghari Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Qudratullah Kalwar Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Muhammad Mohsen Rahimoon Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Muhammad Ramzan Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Abdul Saboor Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Fazul U Rahman Soomro Department of WildLife Management, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Fayaz Hussain Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Taj Muhammad Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Iqrar Uddin Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Abdul Razzaque Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/mjz.v6i1.141

Keywords:

Livestock, Abortifacient Diseases, Bovines, Farmers

Abstract

Livestock plays a vital role in the livelihoods of rural communities in developing countries including Pakistan, serving as a major source of income, nutrition, and social capital. The dependency on livestock has multifaceted implications for rural livelihoods and development. On one hand, it provides a source of income stability, particularly for smallholder farmers, landless laborers, and marginalized communities. Livestock also contributes to food security through the provision of milk, meat, and other animal products. There are several problems in the livestock industry one of them is abortifacient diseases that are responsible for pregnancy loss in bovine. Abortifacient diseases pose significant challenges to livestock production worldwide, resulting in substantial economic losses, decreased productivity, and threats to food security. This review provides an overview of the role of infectious diseases responsible for pregnancy loss in livestock specifically bovines, highlighting key pathogens, and modes of transmission. The impact of abortifacient diseases on cattle production extends beyond direct morbidity and mortality. These diseases disrupt reproductive performance, reduce fertility rates, decrease growth rates and impair feed conversion efficiency. In this review, common infectious diseases are described which are responsible for abortion in bovine, and their possible transmission, diagnosis and treatment are described.

References

Wiltbank MC, Baez GM, Garcia-Guerra A, Toledo MZ, Monteiro PL, Melo LF et al. Pivotal Periods for Pregnancy Loss During the First Trimester of Gestation in Lactating Dairy Cows. Theriogenology. 2016 Jul; 86(1): 239-53. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.037.

Vanroose G, de Kruif A, Van Soom A. Embryonic Mortality and Embryo–embryo-pathogen Interactions. Animal Reproduction Science. 2000 Jul; 60: 131-43. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00098-1.

Thurmond MC, Picanso JP, Jameson CM. Considerations for Use of Descriptive Epidemiology to Investigate Fetal Loss in Dairy Cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1990 Nov; 197(10): 1305-12. doi: 10.2460/javma.1990.197.10.1305.

De Vries A. Economic Value of Pregnancy in Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2006 Oct; 89(10): 3876-85. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72430-4.

Hovingh E. Abortions in Dairy Cattle I: Common Causes of Abortions. 2009.

Parthiban S, Malmarugan S, Murugan MS, Rajeswar J, Pothiappan P. Review on Emerging and Reemerging Microbial Causes in Bovine Abortion. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. 2015; 4(4-1): 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.s.2015040401.11.

Pretzer SD. Bacterial and Protozoal Causes of Pregnancy Loss in the Bitch and Queen. Theriogenology. 2008 Aug; 70(3): 320-6. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.035.

Givens MD and Marley MS. Infectious Causes of Embryonic and Fetal Mortality. Theriogenology. 2008 Aug; 70(3): 270-85. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018.

Tortosa CS. Reproductive Diseases of Dairy Cattle. 2009

Macías-Rioseco M, Silveira C, Fraga M, Casaux L, Cabrera A, Francia ME et al. Causes of abortion in dairy cows in Uruguay. Livestock Disease. 2020 Jul; 40: 325-32. doi: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6550.

Beaudeau F, Frankena K, Fourichon C, Seegers H, Faye B, Noordhuizen JP. Associations Between Health Disorders of French Dairy Cows and Early and Late Culling within the Lactation. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1994 Jun; 19(3-4): 213-31. doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(94)90090-6.

Peter AT. Abortions in Dairy Cows: New Insights and Economic Impact. Proceedings of Western Canadian Dairy Seminar, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. Advanced Dairy Technology. 2000; 12: 233-44.

Sarder MJ, Moni MJ, Aktar S. Prevalence of Reproductive Disorders of Crossbred Cows in the Rajshahi District of Bangladesh. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Journal of Agriculture. 2010; 8(2): 65-75.

PN L. Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2001; 14(2): 296-326.

Juyal PD, Bal MS, Singla LD. Economic Impact, Diagnostic Investigations and Management of Protozoal Abortions in Farm Animals. All India SMVS’Dairy Business Directory. 2011; 11: 39-46.

Abutarbush SM. Veterinary Medicine—A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 2010 May; 51(5): 541.

Tulu D, Deresa B, Begna F, Gojam A. Review of Common Causes of Abortion in Dairy Cattle in Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 2018 Jan; 10(1): 1-3.

Abdisa T. Review on the Reproductive Health Problem of Dairy Cattle. Dairy and Veterinary Science Journal. 2018 Feb; 5(1): 555655. doi: 10.19080/JDVS.2018.05.555655.

Schelling E, Diguimbaye C, Daoud S, Nicolet J, Boerlin P, Tanner M et al. Brucellosis and Q-Fever Seroprevalences of Nomadic Pastoralists and Their Livestock in Chad. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2003 Dec; 61(4): 279-93. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004.

Díaz Aparicio E. Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Domestic Animals Caused by Brucella Melitensis, Brucella Suis and Brucella Abortus. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des Épizooties. 2013 Jul; 32(1): 43-51.

Godfroid J, Scholz HC, Barbier T, Nicolas C, Wattiau P, Fretin D et al. Brucellosis at the Animal/Ecosystem/Human Interface at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2011 Nov; 102(2): 118-31. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007.

de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Romano J. Pregnancy Loss in Small Ruminants. Clinical Theriogenology. 2021 Sep; 13(3): 194-205.

Degefa T, Duressa A, Duguma R. Brucellosis and Some Reproductive Problems of Indigenous Arsi Cattle in Selected Arsi Zones of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria. 2011; 7(1): 45-53.

Dorneles EM, Oliveria LF, Lage AP. Brucella Abortus Vaccines: Use in Control Programs and Immune Response. Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology. 2017; 4 :1044. doi: 10.26420/jbacteriolmycol.2017.1044.

Campero CM, Anderson ML, Walker RL, Blanchard PC, Barbano L, Chiu P et al. Immuno-Histochemical Identification of Campylobacter fetus in Natural Cases of Bovine and Ovine Abortions. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 2005 Apr; 52(3): 138-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00834.x.

Modolo JR, Lopes CA, Genari T. Occurrence of Campylobacter in the Genitals of Teaser Bulls Maintained at an Embryo Transfer Center. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2000; 52: 96-7. doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352000000200002.

Truyers I, Luke T, Wilson D, Sargison N. Diagnosis and Management of Venereal Campylobacteriosis in Beef Cattle. BioMed Central Veterinary Research. 2014 Dec; 10: 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0280-x.

Taylor AJ. Venereal Campylobacter Infections in Cattle. Cattle Practice. 2002 Apr; 10(1): 35-42.

Mshelia GD, Singh J, Amin JD, Woldehiwet Z, Egwu GO, Murray RD. Bovine Venereal Campylobacteriosis: An Overview. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Reviews. 2008 Apr; (2007): 14. doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20072080.

Figueiredo JF, Pellegrin AO, Fóscolo CB, Machado RP, Miranda KL, Lage AP. Evaluation of Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test for the Diagnosis of Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis. Revista Latinoamericana De Microbiologia. 2002; 44(3-4): 118-23.

Hum S, Quinn C, Kennedy D. Diagnosis of Bovine Venereal Campylobacteriosis by ELISA. Australian Veterinary Journal. 1994 May; 71(5): 140-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03367.x.

OIE. Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Mammal, Birds and Bees). 2008: 661-70.

McGoldrick A, Chanter J, Gale S, Parr J, Toszeghy M, Line K. Real-Time PCR to Detect and Differentiate Campylobacter Fetus Subspecies Fetus and Campylobacter Fetus Subspecies Venerealis. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2013 Sep; 94(3): 199-204. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.014.

van der Graaf-van Bloois L, van Bergen MA, van der Wal FJ, de Boer AG, Duim B, Schmidt T et al. Evaluation of Molecular Assays for Identifying Campylobacter Fetus Species and Subspecies and Developing A C. Fetus-Specific Real-Time PCR Assay. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2013 Oct; 95(1): 93-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.005.

Abril C, Brodard I, Perreten V. Two Novel Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Tet (44) and Ant (6)-Ib, Are Located Within a Transferable Pathogenicity Island in Campylobacter Fetus Subsp. Fetus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2010 Jul; 54(7): 3052-5. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00304-10.

Hänel I, Hotzel H, Müller W, Tomaso H. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of German Campylobacter Fetus Subsp. Venerealis Isolates by Agar Disk Diffusion Method. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 2011 May; 124(5-6): 198-202.

Cilia G, Bertelloni F, Fratini F. Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals. Pathogens. 2020 Jul; 9(7): 573. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9070573.

Loureiro AP and Lilenbaum W. Genital Bovine Leptospirosis: A New Look for an Old Disease. Theriogenology. 2020 Jan; 141: 41-7. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.011.

Schlafer DH and Foster RA. Female Genital System. Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals. 2016 Mar; 3: 358. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-5319-1.00015-3.

Grégoire F, Bakinahe R, Petitjean T, Boarbi S, Delooz L, Fretin D et al. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bovine Abortions Caused By Non-Maintenance Pathogenic Leptospira Spp.: Necropsy, Serology and Molecular Study Out of A Belgian Experience. Pathogens. 2020 May; 9(6): 413. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9060413.

World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Leptospirosis. Zoonosis Division, National Institute of Communicable Diseases. Dehli. 2006.

Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Umapathi T, Sehgal SC. Evaluation of Dark-Ground Microscopy as A Rapid Diagnosis Procedure in Leptospirosis. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2001 Aug; 114: 54.

Ooteman MC, Vago AR, Koury MC. Evaluation of MAT, IgM ELISA and PCR Methods for the Diagnosis of Human Leptospirosis. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2006 May; 65(2): 247-57. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.07.015.

Lindberg A and Houe H. Characteristics in the Epidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Of Relevance to Control. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005 Nov; 72(1-2): 55-73. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.07.018.

Manual OT. World Organization for Animal Health Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Mammals, Birds and Bees). 2008; 2: 2008.

Foster RA. Female Reproductive System and Mammae. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 2017: 1147-93. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-35775-3.00018-7.

Mahajan V, Banga HS, Deka D, Filia G, Gupta A. Comparison of Diagnostic Tests for Diagnosis of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in Natural Cases of Bovine Abortion. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2013 Nov; 149(4): 391-401. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.05.002.

da Silva NS, Machado SM, e Silva Filho FC, Pacheco-Soares C. Basic Biological Aspects of Tritrichomonas Foetus of Re-Levance to the Treatment of Bovines Suffering of Trichomoniasis. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2011 Oct; 1(03): 112. doi: 10.4236/ojas.2011.13015.

Corbeil LB, Campero CM, Van Hoosear K, BonDurant RH. Detection of Trichomonad Species in the Reproductive Tracts of Breeding and Virgin Bulls. Veterinary Parasitology. 2008 Jul; 154(3-4): 226-32. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.014.

Profizi C, Cian A, Meloni D, Hugonnard M, Lambert V, Groud K et al. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas Foetus Infections in French Catteries. Veterinary Parasitology. 2013 Sep; 196(1-2): 50-5. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.021.

Noakes DE, Parkinson TJ, England GC, editors. Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics-E-Book: Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2018 Oct.

Mukhufhi N, Irons PC, Michel A, Peta F. Evaluation of a PCR Test for the Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas Foetus Infection in Bulls: Effects of Sample Collection Method, Storage and Transport Medium On the Test. Theriogenology. 2003 Oct; 60(7): 1269-78. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00138-9.

Bryan LA, Campbell JR, Gajadhar AA. Effects of Temperature On the Survival of Tritrichomonas Foetus in Transport, Diamond's and in Pouch TF Media. Veterinary Record. 1999 Feb; 144(9): 227-32. doi: 10.1136/vr.144.9.227.

Campero CM, Dubra CR, Bolondi A, Cacciato C, Cobo E, Perez S et al. Two-Step (Culture and PCR) Diagnostic Approach for Differentiation of Non-T. Foetus Trichomonads from Genitalia of Virgin Beef Bulls in Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology. 2003 Mar; 112(3): 167-75. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00423-5.

Dwight C. Hirsh, N. James MacLachlan, Richard L. Walker. Veterinary Microbiology. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 2004 Aug.

Yaeger MJ and Holler LD. Bacterial Causes of Bovine Infertility and Abortion. In Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. 2007 Jan: 389-399. doi: 10.1016/B978-072169323-1.50052-0.

Collantes-Fernández E, Arnaiz-Seco I, Burgos BM, Rodriguez-Bertos A, Aduriz G, Fernandez-Garcia A et al. Comparison of Neospora Caninum Distribution, Parasite Loads and Lesions Between Epidemic and Endemic Bovine Abortion Cases. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006 Nov; 142(1-2): 187-91. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.030.

Hall CA, Reichel MP, Ellis JT. Performance Characteristics and Optimization of Cut-Off Values of Two Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for the Detection of Antibodies to Neospora Caninum in the Serum of Cattle. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006 Aug; 140(1-2): 61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.016.

Jenkins M, Baszler T, Björkman C, Schares G, Williams D. Diagnosis and Sero-Epidemiology of Neospora Caninum Associated Bovine Abortion. International Journal for Parasitology. 2002 May; 32(5): 631-6. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00363-0.

Pan Y, Jansen GB, Duffield TF, Hietala S, Kelton D, Lin CY et al. Genetic Susceptibility to Neospora Caninum Infection in Holstein Cattle in Ontario. Journal of Dairy Science. 2004 Nov; 87(11): 3967-75. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73537-7.

Murray RD. Practical Approach to Infectious Bovine Abortion Diagnosis. In Proceedings of the 24th World Buiatrics Conference. France: Nice. 2006 Oct: 2006.

Asmare K, Regassa F, Robertson LJ, Martin AD, Skjerve E. Reproductive Disorders in Relation to Neospora Caninum, Brucella spp. and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Serostatus in Breeding and Dairy Farms of Central and Southern Ethiopia. Epidemiology and Infection. 2013 Aug; 141(8): 1772-80. doi: /10.1017/S0950268812002191.

Dubey JP and Schares G. Diagnosis of Bovine Neosporosis. Veterinary Parasitology. 2006 Aug; 140(1-2): 1-34. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.035.

Dubey JP, Schares G, Ortega-Mora L. Epidemiology and Control of Neosporosis and Neospora Caninum. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2007 Apr; 20(2): 323-67. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00031-06.

Ernest H. Common Causes of Abortions. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication. 2009; 404: 288.

Carpenter TE, Chrièl M, Andersen MM, Wulfson L, Jensen AM, Houe H et al. An Epidemiologic Study of Late-Term Abortions in Dairy Cattle in Denmark, July 2000–August 2003. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2006 Dec; 77(3-4): 215-29. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.07.005.

Al Humam NA. An Epidemic of Abortion in A Commercial Dairy Farm in the Eastern Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Glob. Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production. 2014 Sep; 2(3): 074-80.