Survey of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Comorbidities in Lahore
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/mjz.v2i2.5Abstract
Vitamin D is recognized for its importance in bone health along with the reduced risk of cardiovascular, autoimmune and several chronic diseases. Objectives: Present study was designed to explore the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with comorbidities (Type 2 Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Hypertension, Asthma, Heart Disease, Gastritisand Osteoporosis) among the subjects visiting outpatient departments (OPDs) of public hospitals in Lahore. Methods: Adult (>18 years) male and female subjects (n = 200) participated in present cross-sectional study. Participating individuals were required to fill questionnaires which recorded their medical history and BMI. Blood samples were taken for laboratory evaluation of vitamin D3 deficiency. Data was analyzed for evaluation of diverse risk factors. Serum level of vitamin D3 (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D3]) were measured using standard procedures of measurement using Human Vitamin D3 (VD3) ELISA Kit (MyBioSource, Inc. USA). Results: Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in females than in males. Of the 200 individuals, the highest number of patients suffered from Diabetes Myelitis Type-II (61%) followed by Thyroid Disease (38%). Whereas, the least number of vitamin D3 deficient subjects were suffering from Osteoporosis (5%).
References
Jackson TC, Krauss MJ, DeBaun MR, Strunk RC and Arbeláez AM. Vitamin D deficiency and comorbidities in children with sickle cell anemia. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 2012. 29(3), 261-266. doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4536-1.
Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2006a. 116(8), 2062-2072. doi.org/10.1172/JCI29449.
Huldschinsky K. Heilung von RachitisdurchkünstlicheHöhensonne. DMW-Deutsche MedizinischeWochenschrift, 1919. 45(26), 712-713. doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1137830.
Hess AF and Gutman P. The cure of infantile rickets by sunlight as demonstrated by a chemical alteration of the blood. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1921. 19(1), 31-34. doi.org/10.3181/00379727-19-16.
Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings Elsevier, 2006b. 81(3) 353-373. doi.org/10.4065/81.3.
Chen TC, Chimeh F, Lu Z, Mathieu J, Person KS, Zhang A, Kohn N, Martinello S, Berkowitz R and Holick MF. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2007. 460(2), 213-217. doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.017.
Holick MF. Vitamin D: a D-Lightful health perspective. Nutrition reviews, 2008. 66(suppl_2), S182-S194. doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00104.x.
Strushkevich, N., Usanov, S.A., Plotnikov, A.N., Jones, G. and Park, H.W. Structural analysis of CYP2R1 in complex with vitamin D3. Journal of molecular biology, 2008. 380(1), 95-106. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.065.
Aydın CG, Dinçel YM, Arıkan Y, Taş SK and Deniz S. The effects of indoor and outdoor sports participation and seasonal changes on vitamin D levels in athletes. SAGE open medicine, 2019. 7, 2050312119837480.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119837480.
Al Zarooni AAR, Al Marzouqi FI, Al Darmaki SH, Prinsloo EAM and Nagelkerke N. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated comorbidities among Abu Dhabi Emirates population. BMC research notes, 2019. 12(1), 1-6. doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4536-1.
Xiang F, Jiang J, Li H, Yuan J, Yang R, Wang Q and Zhang Y. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in pregnant women working indoors and residing in Guiyang, China. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2013. 36(7), 503-507. doi.org/10.3275/8814.
Itoh H, Mori I, Matsumoto Y, Maki S and Ogawa Y. Vitamin D deficiency and seasonal and inter-day variation in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in indoor daytime workers: a longitudinal study. Industrial Health, 2011: 1106170071-1106170071. doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.MS1255.
Goswami R, Saha S, Sreenivas V, Singh N and Lakshmy R. Vitamin D-binding protein, vitamin D status and serum bioavailable 25 (OH) D of young Asian Indian males working in outdoor and indoor environments. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism, 2017. 35(2): 177-184. doi.org/10.1007/s00774-016-0739-x.
Irandoust K and Taheri M. The effect of vitamin D supplement and indoor vs outdoor physical activity on depression of obese depressed women. Asian journal of sports medicine, 2017, 8(3). doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.13311.
Sierra MCA and Christian CW. Vitamin D, rickets and child abuse: controversies and evidence. Pediatric radiology, 2021, 51(6): 1014-1022. doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04893-w.
Weiler HA, Vanstone CA, Razaghi M, Gharibeh N, Patel S, Wei SQ and McNally D. Disparities in vitamin D status of newborn infants from a diverse sociodemographic population in Montreal, Canada. The Journal of Nutrition. 2021. doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab344.
Mannion CA, Gray-Donald K and Koski KG. Association of low intake of milk and vitamin D during pregnancy with decreased birth weight. Cmaj, 2006. 174(9): 1273-1277. doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1041388.
Weir RR, Johnston M, Lowis C, Fearon AM, Stewart S, Strain JJ and Pourshahidi LK. Vitamin D3 content of cows’ milk produced in Northern Ireland and its efficacy as a vehicle for vitamin D fortification: a UK model. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2021. 72(4): 447-455. doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2020.1837743.
Cauley JA, LaCroix AZ, Wu L, Horwitz M, Danielson ME, Bauer DC, Lee JS, Jackson RD, Robbins JA, Wu, C and Stanczyk FZ. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk for hip fractures. Annals of internal medicine, 2008. 149(4): 242-250. doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-4-200808190-00005.
Bischoff‐Ferrari HA, Kiel DP, Dawson‐Hughes B, Orav JE, Li R, Spiegelman D, Dietrich T and Willett WC. Dietary calcium and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D status in relation to BMD among US adults. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2009. 24(5): 935-942. doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.081242.
Rimaniol JM, Authier FJ and Chariot P. Muscle weakness in intensive care patients: initial manifestation of vitamin D deficiency. Intensive care medicine, 1994. 20(8): 591-592. doi.org/10.1007/BF01705729.
Venning G. Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. BMJ, 2005. 330(7490): 524-526. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7490.524.
Mahon P, Harvey N, Crozier S, Inskip H, Robinson S, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Cooper C and Godfrey K. Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: cohort study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2010. 25(1): 14-19. doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.090701.
Foss YJ. Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity. Medical hypotheses, 2009. 72(3): 314-321. doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2008.10.005.
Pereira‐Santos M, Costa PDF, Assis AD, Santos CDS and Santos DD. Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity reviews, 2015. 16(4): 341-349. doi.org/10.1111/obr.12239.
Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB, Wolf M and Vasan RS. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 2008. 117(4): 503-511. doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127.
Lim S, Kim MJ, Lim S, Kim MJ, Choi SH, Shin CS, Park KS, Jang HC, Billings LK, Meigs JB and Choi SH. Association of vitamin D deficiency with incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk Asian subjects. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2013. 97(3): 524-530. doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.048496.
Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC and Wu CC. Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. Journal of biomedicine and biotechnology, 2012. doi.org/10.1155/2012/634195.
Szymczak-Pajor I and Śliwińska A. Analysis of association between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance. Nutrients, 2019. 11(4): 794. doi.org/10.3390/nu11040794.
Alvi S, Syed JG, Nusrat B, Razvi SKA, Shah ZZ, Khan MD and Khan MA. Frequency of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients of Asthma. Cureus, 2021.13(5). doi:10.7759/cureus.14828.
Chen S, Sun Y and Agrawal DK. Vitamin D deficiency and essential hypertension. Journal of the American society of hypertension, 2015. 9(11): 885-901. doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2015.08.009.
Lips P. Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 2007. 103(3-5): 620-625. doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.076.
Lim SK, Kung AWC, Sompongse S, Soontrapa S and Tsai KS. Vitamin D inadequacy in postmenopausal women in Eastern Asia. Current medical research and opinion, 2008. 24(1): 99-106. doi.org/10.1185/030079908X253429.
Goswami R, Marwaha RK, Gupta N, Tandon N, Sreenivas V, Tomar N, Ray D, Kanwar R and Agarwal R. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: a community-based survey. British Journal of Nutrition, 2009, 102(3): 382-386. doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509220824.
Maryam S, Saba S, Haider W, Afzal MS, Mukhtar S, Durrance-Bagale A, ulArfeen RZ, Bangash N, Shah NA and Ahmed H. Community-based social and demographic assessment of knowledge, attitudes, practices and medical conditions related to vitamin D deficiency in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. Journal of biosocial science, 2021: 1-25. doi.org/10.1017/S002193202100050X.
Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000,7 2:690–693. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.690
Bhutta ZA, Soofi SB, Zaidi SSH, Habib A and Hussain I. Pakistan National Nutrition Survey, 2011.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments editor@markhorjournal.com
